Constitutional state · 2026
Constitution of India
Part III — Fundamental Rights
Article12
Definition
In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
In plain language
When Part III talks about “the State”, it means more than the Union government: State governments, legislatures, and many public bodies under their control can also violate fundamental rights.
This wording has been in force since 1950 on this desk.
UPSC relevance
High
Most cited right
Exam signal
Often asked
No paper-count until verified
Linked topics
1
Articles + cases